Feudal System in Medieval Kerala - Kerala PCS Exam Notes

Medieval Kerala (roughly 8th to 18th century CE) witnessed a unique form of feudalism distinct from the European model. This system was characterized by a complex interplay of social hierarchy, land ownership, and political power, with the Naduvazhis (local chieftains) playing a central role.

The Emergence of Naduvazhis and Local Chieftains

The decline of the Chera kingdom in the 12th century led to a power vacuum in Kerala. This vacuum was filled by numerous Naduvazhis, who rose to prominence as local rulers. While some Naduvazhis were appointed by the Nambudiris (the dominant Brahmin caste), many others simply seized power in their respective localities.
These Naduvazhis controlled varying areas of land, ranging from small villages to larger territories. They maintained their own armies, collected taxes, and dispensed justice within their domains. The Naduvazhis were constantly vying for power and influence, leading to frequent conflicts and shifting alliances.
Factors contributing to the rise of Naduvazhis:

Decline of central authority: The disintegration of the Chera kingdom created a decentralized political landscape.

Land ownership: Naduvazhis often held substantial landholdings, which provided them with economic and military power.

Support of local communities: Naduvazhis gained legitimacy by providing protection and patronage to their subjects.

Military prowess: The ability to raise and maintain an effective military force was crucial for survival and expansion.

Land Revenue and Agricultural Practices

Land ownership was the foundation of the feudal system in medieval Kerala.

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The Nambudiris, as the priestly class, held vast tracts of land known as janmam lands. They leased these lands to tenants, who in turn sublet them to cultivators. This hierarchical system of landholding resulted in a complex web of rights and obligations.
Land Revenue:

Various forms of taxes: The Naduvazhis collected various taxes from the peasantry, including land tax, poll tax, and taxes on trade and commerce.

Taxation based on land productivity: The amount of tax levied often depended on the productivity of the land, with more fertile lands attracting higher taxes.

Payment in kind or cash: Taxes could be paid in kind (agricultural produce) or in cash, depending on the agreement between the Naduvazhi and the cultivator.

Agricultural Practices:

Rice cultivation: Rice was the staple crop in medieval Kerala, and its cultivation was central to the economy.

Irrigation systems: The construction and maintenance of irrigation systems, such as tanks and canals, were crucial for ensuring a stable food supply.

Spice cultivation: Kerala was also known for its spice production, with pepper, cardamom, and ginger being important export commodities.

Shifting cultivation: In hilly areas, shifting cultivation (slash-and-burn agriculture) was practiced, although it was gradually replaced by more sustainable methods.

Impact of the Feudal System on Agriculture:

Land fragmentation: The hierarchical landholding system led to fragmentation of land, which often hindered agricultural productivity.

Exploitation of peasants: The heavy burden of taxation and rent often left peasants with little surplus, leading to poverty and indebtedness.

Limited technological innovation: The feudal system did not encourage investment in agricultural technology, resulting in slow growth in productivity.

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