Chera Kingdom (Early) - Kerala PCS Exam Notes

The Chera dynasty, one of the ancient triumvirates ruling southern India alongside the Cholas and Pandyas, held sway over the fertile lands of present-day Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu. Their reign, particularly during the early period, witnessed significant cultural, economic, and political developments that shaped the history of the region. This article delves into the emergence of the Chera dynasty, highlights key rulers and their contributions, and explores their extensive trade relations with the ancient world.

Emergence of the Chera Dynasty

The origins of the Chera dynasty are shrouded in the mists of time, with their early history intertwined with legends and archaeological findings. While a precise timeline remains elusive, historians believe the Cheras rose to prominence around the 3rd century BCE.

Legendary Origins: Early Tamil literature, such as the Pathitrupattu, speaks of legendary Chera kings with mythical origins. These narratives, while embellished, suggest a long-standing presence in the region.

Archaeological Evidence: Archaeological discoveries, including coins and inscriptions, corroborate the existence of the early Chera kingdom. These findings provide valuable insights into their political and social structures.

The Cheras established their capital at Vanchi, which is believed to be located near modern-day Karur in Tamil Nadu. Their kingdom, known as Cheralam, encompassed the central and northern parts of Kerala and the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu.

Key Rulers and Their Contributions

The early Chera kings were renowned for their valor, patronage of the arts, and promotion of trade. Some of the prominent rulers of this period include:

Uthiyan Cheralathan: Considered the first significant Chera ruler, Uthiyan Cheralathan expanded the kingdom's territory and established a strong foundation for his successors. He is praised in Sangam literature for his military prowess and just rule.

Nedum Cheralathan: Known for his patronage of the arts, Nedum Cheralathan's court was graced by renowned poets and scholars. He is credited with promoting Tamil literature and culture.

Senguttuvan Chera: Perhaps the most celebrated of the early Chera kings, Senguttuvan is famed for his military

expeditions and maritime dominance. He is said to have conquered vast territories and established trade links with distant lands. His legendary expedition to the Himalayas to obtain a stone for crafting an idol of Kannagi, the heroine of the Tamil epic Silappatikaram, highlights his power and influence.

These early Chera rulers laid the groundwork for a prosperous and culturally rich kingdom. Their contributions to warfare, literature, and trade left an indelible mark on the history of Kerala.

Trade Relations with Ancient Civilizations

The Cheras were actively engaged in maritime trade with ancient civilizations, including:

Romans: The Chera kingdom was a crucial link in the spice trade between India and the Roman Empire. Muziris, an ancient port located near present-day Kodungallur in Kerala, served as a major hub for this trade. Roman coins and artifacts unearthed in Kerala attest to the flourishing trade between the two regions.

Greeks: The Cheras also maintained trade relations with the Greeks. Greek traders frequented Muziris, exchanging goods such as pottery, wine, and olive oil for spices, ivory, and precious stones.

Egyptians: Evidence suggests

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that the Cheras had trade connections with Egypt as well. Egyptian artifacts have been discovered in Kerala, indicating the existence of trade routes between the two regions.

This extensive trade network brought immense wealth and prosperity to the Chera kingdom. It also facilitated cultural exchange and the dissemination of ideas

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