Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, launched a series of military campaigns in Kerala in the late 18th century. These campaigns, driven by his ambition for territorial expansion and control over trade routes, had a significant impact on the local rulers and the economy of the region.
Background
Before Tipu Sultan, his father Hyder Ali had already made inroads into Kerala. In 1766, Hyder Ali invaded Malabar, defeating the Zamorin of Calicut and establishing Mysore's control over the region. This set the stage for Tipu Sultan's later campaigns.
Tipu Sultan's Campaigns
Tipu Sultan's campaigns in Kerala can be broadly divided into two phases:
Invasion of Malabar (1783-1788): After the death of Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan consolidated his power and resumed the conquest of Malabar. He faced resistance from local rulers and the British East India Company, but ultimately succeeded in establishing his authority over the region.
Attack on Travancore (1789-1790): Tipu Sultan then turned his attention to the Kingdom of Travancore, which had remained independent. He attacked the Nedumkotta, a fortified line of defense built by Dharma Raja of Travancore. However, he faced stiff resistance from the Travancore forces and had to retreat due to the onset of monsoon and news of British attacks on his capital, Srirangapatna.
Impact on Local Rulers
Loss of Independence: Many local rulers, including the Zamorin of Calicut, lost their independence and became vassals of Mysore.
Religious Conversions: Tipu Sultan's attempts to forcibly convert Hindus to Islam created resentment and resistance among the local population.
Shift in Alliances: The conflicts led to a shift in alliances, with some rulers siding with Tipu Sultan while others sought the support of the British.
Impact on the Economy
Disruption of Trade: The wars disrupted trade and commerce in the region, affecting the livelihoods of many people.
Destruction of Infrastructure: Tipu Sultan's forces destroyed temples, churches, and other infrastructure, causing significant economic damage.
Introduction of New Crops: Tipu Sultan introduced new crops like sandalwood and teak, which later became important sources of revenue for the region.