The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of Mysore as a powerful kingdom in South India under the leadership of Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan. Their ambitious expansionist policies led to a series of invasions into the Malabar region of Kerala, significantly impacting its socio-political and economic landscape.
Hyder Ali's Campaigns:
Hyder Ali's initial incursions into Kerala began in the 1750s, driven by a desire to control the lucrative pepper trade and expand his territory. His campaigns were marked by strategic alliances and decisive military victories.
Conquest of Northern Kerala: Hyder Ali first targeted the northern Malabar region, conquering the kingdoms of Kolathunadu and Kozhikode (Calicut) by 1766. He skillfully exploited existing rivalries between local rulers and secured alliances with some, like the ruler of Palakkad, to weaken resistance.
Administrative Control: Hyder Ali established a strong administrative system in the conquered territories, appointing officials to collect taxes and maintain law and order. He also focused on improving infrastructure, building roads and forts to consolidate his control.
Tipu Sultan's Campaigns:
Tipu Sultan continued his father's expansionist policies, leading further campaigns into Kerala in the 1780s and 1790s. However, his approach was more aggressive and marked by religious zeal, leading to greater resistance from the local population.
Southern Expansion: Tipu Sultan aimed to conquer the southern parts of Kerala, including the Kingdom of Travancore. His attempts to breach the Travancore lines in 1789 were initially successful but ultimately failed due to strong resistance and the onset of the monsoon season.
Forced Conversions and Temple Destruction: Unlike his father, Tipu Sultan adopted a more hardline approach towards the Hindu population. He enforced conversions to Islam and destroyed several temples, generating widespread resentment and fueling rebellions.
Third Anglo-Mysore War: Tipu Sultan's aggressive expansion and alliance with the French brought him into direct conflict with the British East India Company. The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792) resulted in a defeat for Tipu Sultan, forcing him to cede significant territories to the British and their allies.
Impact on Kerala:
The Mysore invasions had a profound and lasting impact on Kerala's society, economy, and political structure.
Decline of Feudalism: The invasions weakened the existing feudal system in Kerala. Many local rulers lost their power and influence, while some were replaced by Mysore officials. This led to a gradual centralization of power and the erosion of traditional hierarchies.
Economic Disruption: The constant warfare and political instability disrupted Kerala's economy. Agricultural production declined, trade routes were disrupted, and the lucrative pepper trade suffered. Additionally, heavy taxation imposed by Mysore rulers further burdened the local population.
Social and Religious Tensions: Tipu Sultan's forced conversions and temple destruction created deep social and religious divisions in Kerala. The resentment against his rule fueled resistance movements and contributed to his eventual downfall.
Rise of British Influence: The Mysore invasions paved the way for the British East India Company to expand its influence in Kerala. By supporting Travancore and other local rulers against Mysore, the British gained strategic allies and eventually established their dominance in the region.